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The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidate F4/AS01 has previously been shown to induce potent and persistent polyfunctional CD4 + T-cell responses in HIV-1-seronegative volunteers. This placebo-controlled study evaluated two doses of F4/AS01 1-month apart in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-experienced and ART-naïve HIV-1-infected subjects (1:1 randomisation in each cohort)...
Current human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines based on major capsid protein L1 virus-like particles (VLP) provide potent type-specific protection against vaccine-type viruses (mainly HPV16 and 18), but cross-protect against only a small subset of the approximately 15 oncogenic HPV types. It is estimated that L1-VLP vaccines, which require a fairly complex production system and are still quite costly,...
The frequent outbreak of respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza and pulmonary tuberculosis calls for new immunization strategies with high effectiveness. Nasal immunization is one of the most potential methods to prevent the diseases infected through the respiratory tract. In this study, we designed a water-soluble system based on antigen/N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chitosan conjugates...
It is known that the immunogenicity and efficacy of conventional inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are not completely satisfactory in children. The aim of this prospective, randomised, single-blind study was to compare the immune response to, and the effectiveness and safety of, an IIV (Fluarix, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) administered to 68 children aged 36–59 months affected...
It is not known whether there are underlying physiologic or immunologic differences between febrile seizures (FS) triggered by vaccines versus other causes. Furthermore, while secular and individual-level factors have been associated with FS risk, they are rarely evaluated simultaneously.Subjects included members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California aged 6 months to 3 years from July 1, 2003–December...
This paper describes elementary school officials’ awareness of and preparedness for the implementation of California's new exemption law that went into effect on January 1, 2014. The new law prescribes stricter requirements for claiming a personal beliefs exemption from mandated school-entry immunizations.We used cross-sectional data collected from a stratified random sample of 315 schools with low,...
Typhoid fever remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. Vi capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine demonstrated safety and efficacy in young children in high endemic regions. A novel typhoid conjugate vaccine based on plant polysaccharide pectin was studied in a phase I trial.Fruit pectin, having the same carbohydrate backbone structure as Vi, was purified...
As with many high-income countries, vaccination coverage against human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is not high in New Zealand (NZ) at 47% in school-aged girls for three doses. We estimate the health gains, net-cost and cost-effectiveness of the currently implemented HPV national vaccination programme of vaccination dispersed across schools and primary care, and two alternatives: school-based only...
A central prerequisite in using yeast as antigen carrier in vaccination is its efficient interaction with cellular components of the innate immune system, mainly mediated by cell surface structures. Here, we investigated the distribution of major yeast cell wall components such as mannan, β-glucan and chitin of four different and likewise biotechnologically relevant yeasts (Saccharomyces, Pichia,...
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) were licensed for use in children and became available for private purchase in Spain in 2001 (PCV7), 2009 (PCV10) and 2010 (PCV13). This study evaluates changes in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and the pattern of serotypes isolated in Navarre, Spain, between the period of use of PCV7 (2004–2009) and that of PCV13 (2010–2013). The percentage...
Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine was included in December 2000 in the Spanish childhood vaccination at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. In 2006, routine vaccination was modified to two doses at 2 and 4–6 months and a booster dose during the second year of age. Additionally, successive catch-up campaigns were launched to extend protection to older groups. This study provides long-term information about the...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N1 sporadically cause severe disease in humans and involve the risk of inducing a pandemic by gaining the ability for human-to-human transmission. In naïve poultry, primarily gallinaceous birds, the virus induces fatal disease and the used inactivated vaccines occasionally are unable to provide efficient and early onset of protection. Therefore,...
Congenital infection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of childhood hearing loss and mental retardation. Unfortunately, a preventive vaccine remains elusive. Two strategies have been employed to develop HCMV vaccines, including (1) attenuating HCMV to generate modified virus vaccines and (2) isolating subunit viral antigen(s) to create individual antigen vaccines. The most studied...
Adult vaccination coverage is low and current strategies are unlikely to achieve Healthy People 2020 targets. We determined the attitude of adult infant contacts toward recommended adult vaccines and their willingness to receive vaccines should they be available during hospital visits or prenatal or infant clinic appointments.Survey of predominantly Hispanic, underinsured and medically underserved...
The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of an inactivated feline leukemia virus (FeLV) vaccine (Versifel ® FeLV, Zoetis.) compared to a recombinant FeLV vaccine (Purevax ® FeLV, Merial Animal Health) in young cats, exposed under laboratory conditions to a highly virulent challenge model. The study was designed to be consistent with the general immunogenicity requirements...
Effective control and eventual eradication of malaria drives the imperative need for clinical development of a malaria vaccine. Asexual parasite forms are responsible for clinical disease and death while apathogenic gametocytes are responsible for transmission from man to mosquito. Vaccines that combine antigens from both stages may provide direct protection and indirect benefit by reducing the force...
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Recent pre-clinical studies have revealed that VAD impairs mucosal IgA-producing antibody forming cell (AFC) responses toward a paramyxovirus vaccine in the upper respiratory tract (URT), thus impeding a first line of defense at the pathogen's point-of-entry. The studies described here tested...
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